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Ottonian Renaissance
The Ottonian Renaissance was a limited "renaissance" of Byzantine and Late Antique art in Central and Southern Europe that accompanied the reigns of the first three Holy Roman Emperors of the Ottonian (or Saxon) dynasty: Otto I (936–973), Otto II (973–983), and Otto III (983–1002), and which in large part depended upon their patronage.
==Historiography==
The concept of a renaissance was first applied to the Ottonian period by the German historian Hans Naumann - more precisely, his work published in 1927 grouped the Carolingian and Ottonian periods together under the title ''Karolingische und ottonische Renaissance'' (''The Carolingian and Ottonian Renaissance'').〔Frankfurt-am-Main, 1927〕 This was only two years after Erna Patzelt's coining of the term 'Carolingian Renaissance' (''Die Karolingische Renaissance: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Kultur des frühen Mittelalters'', Vienna, 1924), and the same year as Charles H. Haskins published ''The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century'' (Cambridge Mass., 1927)
One of three medieval renaissances, the Ottonian Renaissance began after King Otto's marriage to Adelaide of Italy (951) united the Italian and German kingdoms, and thus brought the West closer to Byzantium. He furthered the cause of Christian (political) unity with his Imperial coronation in 962 by the Pope at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
The period is sometimes extended to cover the reign of Emperor Henry II (1014-1024) as well, and, rarely, his Salian successors. The term is generally confined to Imperial court culture conducted in Latin in Germany.〔Kenneth Sidwell, ''Reading Medieval Latin'' (Cambridge University Press, 1995) takes the end of Otto III's reign as the close of the Ottonian Renaissance.〕 - it is sometimes also known as the Renaissance of the 10th century,〔 P. Riché, Les Carolingiens, p. 390〕 or 10th Century Renaissance , so as to include developments outside Germania, or as the Year 1000 Renewal,〔P. Riché et J. Verger, ''Des nains sur des épaules de géants. Maîtres et élèves au Moyen Âge'', Paris, Tallandier, 2006, p. 68〕 due to coming right at the end of the 11th century. It was shorter than the preceding Carolingian Renaissance and to a large extent a continuation of it - this has led historians such as Pierre Riché to prefer evoking it as a 'third Carolingian renaissance', covering the 10th century and running over into the 11th century, with the 'first Carolingian renaissance' occurring during Charlemagne's own reign and the 'second Carolingian renaissance' happening under his successors.〔P. Riché et J. Verger, chapitre IV, « La Troisième Renaissance caroligienne », p. 59 sqq., chapter IV, « La Troisième Renaissance caroligienne », p.59 ''sqq.''〕
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